Article written by Sandra L. Bloom, MD In 1881, President James A. Garfield was shot by an assassin—one bullet to his arm and another to his back. Physicians rushed to care for him, believing that he had survivable injuries. The discovery of microbes as the origin of infectious processes was still new, and although Joseph Lister’s pioneering work in antisepsis was known to American doctors, and Lister himself had visited America in 1876, few doctors had confidence in it, and none of the...

Shifting Gears on Juvenile Justice Communications New MessageMemo and Toolkit Help Advocates Make Stronger Case for Reform Advocates are gaining momentum in reforming the nation's juvenile justice system so that it is fairer and more just, takes a more age-appropriate approach to juvenile crime, and puts a greater emphasis on prevention, rehabilitation, and alternatives to detention. But youth justice involves two complex, abstract systems--- youth development and criminal justice--- and the...