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Reply to "Historical/Inter-Generational Trauma"

ACEs are any experience during childhood (0-18) that causes toxic stress. That includes racism (see Philadelphia Urban ACE Study, among others). It also includes bullying, spanking, living in an unsafe neighborhood, involvement with the foster care system, living in a war zone, emigrating to a different country, losing a family member to deportation, etc.

Here's a good resource to explore:
https://www.pacesconnection.com...xtended-aces-surveys

Look at the Expanded ACEs section.

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