An interesting question, to be sure! Using Karen's point of a trusting relationship and patient voice, I think that there might be a shift in culture because as a child, was I not there really as a commodity? The Doc didn't ever address me, he addressed my mom. She talked about me, but never to me. Never was my fear addressed until it proved resistant, and then some level of force was used. Or in the case of circumcisions, a paralytic. No pain killer. In infancy and childhood then, yes, there can be that experience, but being assumed as a "trusting" relationship, we discount the patient voice and experience and I would surmise that little research is conducted at all on this issue.
Somewhat relative is the fact that the #3 killer in the USA is medical error, John Hopkins reported. Yet that never shows up in official data. Why? One reason is underlying assumptions, such as mentioned above. Another could the pedastalizing of medical professions/als that we do in the US, and a third might be the cost of doing business. The data is therefore not reported. I think we see this in the current pandemic.
